Case studies

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Patient Leaflets

General Eye Complaints

The eye can be affected by many conditions which can cause a range of symptoms and complaints. Assessment by an Ophthalmologist is generally advised as there may be a number of conditions that can lead to similar symptoms, which may only be diagnosed and managed with specialist examination, assessment and treatment.

Investigations

There are several investigations important that are used in Ophthalmology to help diagnose and monitor eye conditions.

Retinal Photography

This involves using a special camera that allows accurate colour documentation of how the retina appears, which can be useful in documenting conditions and monitor any progress over time.

Colorful retinal image showing diabetic retinopathy with yellow exudates and hemorrhages.

An example of a colour retinal photograph in a patient with advanced AMD


Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

OCT has transformed the understanding and treatment of retinal conditions in recent years. It is a non-invasive technique that captures specialised image of the retina, allowing individual retinal layers to be viewed. It is particularly useful in detecting fluid or bleeding that may occur in the retina in conditions such as Wet AMD, Diabetes and Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Close-up of a lens or magnifying glass focusing on a textured surface.

An example of an OCT scan showing the different layers of the retina.


Autofluorescence (AF) Imaging

This is a non-invasive imaging technique that captures naturally emitted light wavelengths from the retina. It allows the detection of areas of retina that are damaged, and is useful in monitoring progression of retinal diseases.

Two grayscale images of the human eye's retina, showing the optic disc and surrounding blood vessels, possibly from a retinal scan or examination.

An example of AF imaging in a patient with a condition affecting both retina


Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Indocyanine Green (ICG) Angiography

These are common diagnostics tests that involve the injection of a fluorescein (yellow) dye and/or indocyanine green dye into your bloodstream, through a vein in your arm. A series of photographs of the back of the eye are then taken, which can provide information on the blood supply affecting the retina, or the choroid – which is the blood supply beneath the retina. This is particularly useful in helping to diagnose leaking blood vessels in Wet AMD, and the extent of reduced blood supply in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy.

What are the risks of FFA or ICG Angiography?

  • 1 in 10 patients may feel slightly nauseous, short of breath or develop a transient rash, but this rarely lasts for more than a few seconds.

  • The fluorescein dye can give your skin a yellow tinge and make the colour of your urine yellow, but this usually settles after a day or two.

  • There is an extremely rare (less than 1 in 200,000) risk of a severe allergic reaction to these dyes.

A black and white retinal scan showing blood vessels radiating from the optic disc.

An example of an FFA image, show details of the retinal blood supply.


Visual Field Testing

This assesses the extent of your peripheral field of vision, which can be affected in conditions such as glaucoma. The test involves responding to small flashes of light which are targeted at various part of your peripheral vision and a map of your visual field is established.

The human eye is an incredible organ that is responsible for the conversion of light signals into meaningful images that can be interpreted as vision by the brain. There are several structures within the eye that have a vital role in this process (see Image).

About the Eye

The human eye is an incredible organ that is responsible for the conversion of light signals into meaningful images that can be interpreted as vision by the brain.

There are several structures within the eye that have a vital role in this process (see Image 1):

Cornea – this is the clear window at the front of the eye, which allows light to enter.

Iris – this is the coloured part of the eye with the hole in the middle known as the pupil.

Lens – this is a clear, convex structure within the eye that helps to focus images onto the retina.

Vitreous – this is the clear, jelly like substance that forms the majority of space within the eye.

Retina – this is the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that captures light signals and coverts them into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain. It is the most active tissue in the human body, responsible for processing millions and millions of pieces of visual information over a lifetime.

Macula – this is the central part of the retina and is responsible for central vision.

Fovea – this is the very centre of the macula area and is responsible for providing fine vision.

Choroid – this is a rich network of blood vessels that provide essential oxygen and nutrients to the retina.

Optic nerve – this is the main nerve that leaves the back of the eye and conveys electrical signals from the retina to the brain.

Sclera – this is the tough, white outer coating of the eye that helps to maintain its shape.

Diagram of the human eye showing structures including lens, iris, cornea, retina, sclera, choroid, macula, fovea, optic nerve, and choroid.

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